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202210 writing notes

writing
教育类话题
1.学科
subjects=courses 课程
offer a homogeneous  /  heterogeneous curriculum 学校提供同质化的 / 异质化的教学大纲
required / compulsory 强制 / 必修
optional 选修,也就是be free to choose / apply for
2.学习方式 / 教育方式
independently=alone=by oneself=on one‘s own
with others / attend a class / follow teachers
tele-education / online study  / distance learning
praise表扬 / compliment称赞
censure责备 / criticize批评
control / require / follow
focus on academic study
extra-curricular activities额外的课外活动
unpaid community services
volunteering
part-time jobs
3.家长与老师的角色
role models
undertake the responsibility to do something 承担做某事的责任
home education父母在家或请家教(孩子较为特别or父母工作经常调换)
schooling  /  formal education常规学校教育parenting / family education 家教 / 父母日常言行教育(family education与home education不太一样)
childcare centers 育儿所
nurseries
4.科技产品或媒体
electronic products=high-tech devices
advertising广告
exert some influence on sb 影响某人(言行举止 / 语言 / 观念)
5.相关问题
the minors / children / kids小孩子
pupils / primary school students小学生
attention span 注意力短
attention deficit注意力缺失
the addition to / the indulgence in /  the obsession with n. 沉迷于
teenagers / youngsters / adolescents 青少年
secondary / middle / senior high + school students中学生
misbehaviors行为不当
juvenile delinquency=teenagers‘ criminal acts 
bullying,murdering,raping,drug abuse吸毒,the use of marijuana吸大麻,robbery抢劫
attend university or work to gain experience 上大学或工作来获得经验
job availability就业机会
the youth =younger +individuals / people /  adults / group / generation
unemployment=underemployment待业n.
derive from peers + the aged +machines
oversea study
tuition fee
societies 社团
6.社会 / 政府
the society
the government
—> pay for =invest abundant funds in
allocate much public fund to the education fields
pay for学费 / 教师工资
build  / construct 学校+add 各种设施+raise 教学品质
—> 获得回报
1)the cultivation of talents培养人才+社会各行各业发展(有labour force和innovation创新)+经济发展
2)受到好教育,人们找到好工作,提高收入,进而改善人们的living standard+帮助remove poverty,not only 获得更多税收but also 消费
3)ensure社会安全稳定,因为提高了人们的素质,缩小贫富差距
4)教育行业也可以创收,尤其是留学生带来了foreign currency
 
思路
1.教育原则
1)学习效果study outcome=academic performance
进而影响未来的升学与就业
2)提升能力,比如innovation / imagination / creativity / critical thinking / logics / memory…
拓展知识,erudite=knowledgeable博学多才的
多才多艺 be versatile
practical skills / experience
3)行为举止behaviors,good manners
思想观念mentality,optimism,sense of responsibility,law-abiding awareness法律意识
2.时间原则
1)flexibility灵活性,save time or not,spend  / place time on sth花时间
2)speed速度,efficiency效率
时间一般会花在attend class / finish assignments  /  review and preview / reading 等,还有distraction分心的事物如广告、游戏、聊天,还有人际、运动、休息、交通
3.健康原则
1)physical health,如immunity / immune system、physical strength
suffer from a variety of diseases,如obesity、skeletal problems、myopia、allergy
mental health,来自于study burden,没时间休息+遇到hardships / setbacks,导致frustration挫败感、significant pressure,然后导致mental problems like depression and anxiety,还有sense of inferiority自卑感,也可能导致nostalgia思乡
4.安全原则
1)生命财产安全,danger / accidents / misfortunes+injuries / wounds
2)crimes /  criminal acts / antisocial behaviors  / illegal activities ,进而导致破坏社会safety
5.人际原则
1)家人朋友emotional needs,intimate relationship,trust,understanding,support,也有可以是the generation gap,resentments憎恨,complaints抱怨,misunderstanding,conflicts,alienation /  estrangement疏远,weaken the family bond,quarrels
2)社交social interaction,social network人脉,人际交往技能interpersonal skills / social skills,包括communication ability,expression ability,interpretation skills理解能力..
3)cooperation  / collaboration合作(好处是 mutual help相互帮助,make progress,save time,more resources,greater power,坏处是 dependence,free-riders),competition竞争(好处是motives,learn more,不会骄傲自大,坏处是带来压力)
6.环境原则
1)学习氛围atmosphere,家庭氛围,朋友圈friend circle / social groups
2)社会的竞争环境 / 经济情况
3)环保方面
7.权利义务原则
1)rights,liberty,privacy,personal space,equality of education(the division of quick- learners and slow- learners分班问题,the gap between the rich and the poor)
2)sense of responsibility
8.经济原则
1)父母或家庭的financial burden,economic condition(是否提升、是否负担得起)
2)毕业后get a satisfactory / decent job,stable source of income,life quality
3)学校或社会是否应该教孩子理财money management
4)政府花钱了但获得了回报(经济发展、税收、社会稳定的话少花钱管理)
9.文化原则
1)艺术类课程有利于the protection of traditional culture,spiritual enjoyment / relax=release pressure,future career path,培养creativity and imagination
 
Discussion-讨论双方并给出自己的观点or讨论坏处和好处
基本步骤:介绍话题+前者观点+后者观点+我自己的看法
Report-问两个问题:如原因+解决;后果+解决;原因+别的问题
基本步骤:介绍话题+回答问题一+回答问题二+总结上文
Argument-问一个问题:同意与否,好坏与否
基本步骤:介绍话题并给出自己的看法+让步对方+马上转折我方+总结
 
 
科技类话题
advanced:technology,high-tech products,scientific research,electronic devices电子设备
1.computers,laptops,tablets,artificial intelligence,automation,cellphones,mobile phones,apps(translators,dictionaries,memos),tools,search engines,social platforms
2.household appliances(washing machines,TV,air-conditioning,heater,vacuum cleaners,microwave ovens,electric cooker…)
3.vehicles,means / modes of transports:private cars=automobiles,driverless cars,public transport…
airplanes=aeroplanes
4.industrial production=large-scale production,automation自动化,mechanization机械化,machines replace human beings,agricultural technology,genetic modification转基因,crossbreeding杂交,chemicals such as fertilizers,pesticides and herbicides,additives添加剂,preservatives防腐剂
5.科研:animal tests / experimentation / experiments,space exploration / research / probe,政府vs企业(包括医学、军事、交通、通讯、生产..)
6.别的话题:科学教育vs艺术教育,投钱在科技上vs投钱在免费教育上,科技是否会促进贫富差距,科技让生活更好vs没有科技的生活更好,科技的进步是否让人不再思考
思路:
1)对个人
身体健康(负面:导致疾病;正面:医疗进步,延长寿命,减少痛苦)
心理健康(负面:竞争增加+fast-paced life=压力增加,传递misleading information;正面:科技提供了娱乐方式,可以放松)
人际关系(负面:人与人之间的alienation,misunderstanding,the loss of trust,the loss of communication ability;正面:expand one‘s friend circle,keep in contact,more vivid communication如视频、表情包)
成功(负面:产生依赖,失去很多能力如writing,independent thinking,calculation,shorten one’s attention span,occupy the time that should have been spent on study,distract;正面:培养创造力想象力语言能力,有更多学习资源或协助,trigger the interest in study激发学习兴趣)
安全(负面:出现意外accidents,the invasion of virus,增加犯罪率,包括经济犯罪,financial fraud;正面:代替人类做perilous work,安全系数高不容易出错,遇到危险时可以求救或location定位)
经济(负面:add to经济负担,new generations出现,其他费用比如electric bills;正面:提高work efficiency and productivity,提升能力,收入更高)
时间(负面:distractions such as incoming messages and advertisements,indulge in占用别的事情的时间,浪费时间 / 带来inconvenience,尤其是拥挤和排队,没电;正面:flexible time,save considerable time,提高efficiency)
权利义务(privacy,personal information,equality,right,freedom=liberty)
2)对社会
the environment(pollution,the depletion of resources,greenhouse effects..)
economic growth(relevant industries,tax,job opportunities,productivity)
economic burden(因为犯罪、健康、事业贫困)
medicare system(负面:overpopulation导致消耗资源、产生污染、拥挤、竞争激烈、冲突;正面:live longer可以为世界做出更多贡献,提高happy level)
safety(military forces,crime rates)
education popularization教育普及,warning,the dissemination of information传递信息,the development of certain awareness
 
 
 
 
媒体类话题the media
1.媒体的influence(official media提供information / messages、truth、announcements,individual media可以share one‘s opinion、the freedom of speech,interaction互动,written comment,feedback)
积极:the flow of information,supervision / monitoring监督,charity,education / learning resources,connection / interpersonal relationships
消极:have access to misleading / cheating information,cannot distinguish which information is useful / shift the useful information from useless one,create panic / disappointment,violence and pornography)
2.新闻news
news coverage=reports(politics,military,sports,art,economy,medicare,local,national,international,entertainment,crime,wars,natural disasters like earthquakes,scandals丑闻)
记者journalists=reports=correspondents,记者具有的能力,credibility可靠性,行业regulations / punishment,人们获得信息的sources变多,fake news:cover the truth(economic motives,external pressure),重要品质:objective,courageous,writing or communication ability,sympathy,sense of social responsibility)
广告advertisement=advertising,商业广告commercials,公益广告advertisements for public welfare,products / consumer goods,services比如租房买房;广告本身的characters like celebrities、famous figures、cartoon characters / 商品本身appear better / language like inducing words / music / plots情节;代言endorse / endorsement;商家的目的1boost sales从而lure  / induce people to buy them 2 build up brand loyalty品牌忠诚度 / brand recognition品牌知名度;customers=consumers / audience / viewers(好处是gain information and fun;坏处是consumerism消费主义,impulsive consumption冲动消费,waste买了一些不必要的东西,审美aesthetic appreciation等)
 
 
生活类话题(衣食住行,运动与健康,工作与成功,家庭与幸福,男女平等)
1.经济原则
1)对个人
money,disposable income,financial power,purchasing power购买力,financial burden,debt,money management / budget
2)relevant industries
消费行业,shopping malls,online shops,transportation / logistics物流,real estate developer房地产,the catering industry餐饮业,restaurants,agriculture,food processing,the hospitality industry酒店行业,hotels,sports training,coaching,health- related products,sports commodities,sports facilities,commuting,public transport
2.健康原则
diet,sports,technology,pollution,work- related diseases,heavy workload,hectic life,fast- paced lifestyle,sedentary lifestyle,sense of happiness / felicity / happiness level,personality)
3.人际原则
family bond,friend circle,social group,interpersonal relationships,social interaction,the relationship between people of opposite sexes,the relationship between husbands and wives,misunderstandings,conflicts,prejudice / stereotypes
emotional needs,exchange of feelings,communication=interaction,contact,alienation=estrangement,indifference=apathy冷漠,the loss of trust
4.时间原则
(耗费 / 占用 / 花费)precious and limited time and energy,speed,efficiency效率,convenience,flexible / flexibility,busy=hectic忙碌的,be employed with=be occupied with忙于,indulge in=wallow in=be addicted to沉迷于
5.环境原则
rubbish=waste=garbage(be burned in incinerators,导致污染;be buried in landfills,导致占用土地;be thrown into water bodies like rivers,导致伤害生物)
vehicles,industrial production(消耗资源like fossil fuels,产生有害气体toxic gas或者sewage污水,discharge carbon dioxide排放二氧化碳),进而造成air pollution like haze ,也会造成water pollution,还有greenhouse effects
建造房子、修路、停车场,占用land / farmland,deforestation / cut trees,加剧greenhouse effects,无法缓解air pollution,无法避免soil erosion,导致landslides and floods
环境氛围environment,atmosphere=ambience(loving,safe,secure,liberal开明)
6.权利原则
right and interest权益,freedom=liberty,privacy / personal information,equality
undertake responsibility,sense of responsibility
7.安全原则
sense of security安全感,personal safety,panic恐慌,accidents / risks / injuries / death=the loss of death / danger,military forces,technological weapons,police,crimes such as thefts and burglary,wars,invasion入侵
8.教育原则
be equipped with拥有,develop=cultivate培养,be not equipped with / lack / lose the ability to do
talents天赋,capacity / aptitude能力,potential潜力,competitiveness竞争力
9.文化原则
clothes,tradition food ,old house / historical sites  /  ancient ruins,festivals,carnivals,performance like singing and dances,exhibitions like artworks and ancient remains
艺术:spiritual enjoyment,financial gains,培养creativity and imagination,培养aesthetic appreciation / sense of good taste,创造出good- looking=appealing产品
 
注意注意:我方观点的篇幅要多于对方观点
 
社会类话题
1.政府类(the government=the authorities=the regulatory bodies,the departments concerned,leaders,those in power,policy- makers)
1)private
companies=corporations=enterprise=firms
2)individuals,average people,taxpayers
政府还是个人自己出钱去教育费用、医疗费用、space exploration、scientific research、环保、资助art funding、国际援助、审查媒体impose censorship、公开所有信息、提供免费的公共交通
政府该不该做某事
政府应该做某件事,一般理由:1对社会有好处2只有政府有能力(经济实力、法律约束力、科技和人才、影响力、制定标准的能力)
政府不应该做某件事,一般理由:1增加负担,减少了对别的事情的支出2可能会没有效果,甚至产生反效果an unproductive or even underproductive method(比如导致依赖,不珍惜)3政府也有能力上做不到的地方
政府负责还是企业负责
政府来做:对整个社会有好处,尤其是穷人;政府有能力
企业来做:企业比较灵活、高效率、有竞争意识、行业发展、减轻政府负担
政府负责还是个人负责
政府负责:对整个社会有好处,政府有能力,政府有责任
个人负责:个人的责任和义务,个人的权利与自由,个性化选择;减轻政府负担;能力小,但可以积少成多
2.全球化
globalization=international exchange,exchange=interaction / contact,cooperation=collaboration(包括import and export)
1)economic growth / prosperity / development
正面:资源共享share resources such as capital and talents,share advanced technology,expand one‘s market / increase one’s sales,lower one‘s production /  transportations costs减少生产 / 运输成本,tourism industry
负面:exploit / exploitation剥削,over-dependence过分依赖,control / manipulation控制,导致the bankruptcy of local industries,进而导致unemployment
2)cultural identity / traditions / diversity
正面:disseminate / spread宣传,learn / absorb the essence and reject the dross取其精华去其糟粕,enrich..expand..
负面:invade / invasion入侵,assimilate / assimilation同化,disappear / be wiped out / vanish消失like minority language和节日消失、国家之间的建筑食物时尚越来越相似
3)environment
(包括污染、生产产生waste water and waste gas、considerable rubbish、资源like raw materials / fresh water / fossil fuels、变暖原因carbon emission)
正面:共享资源 / 方法 / 技术,开大会定合约来约束彼此行为
4)健康和安全health and safety
因为进出口 / the flow of population导致the spread of diseases / the emergence of pandemics
水土不服要看个人adapt to,医疗系统medical care systems
management:criminal acts / crimes危害社会安全,conflicts / wars有巨大破坏,
5)时间原则
regardless of time limits没有了时间限制,jet lag 时差,long exhausting journey长途出行
6)教育原则
expand one‘s outlook,acquire knowledge,independence,language proficiency语言能力
7)权利义务原则
很少有关
8)人际原则
国与国的关系:tension紧张、friendship、mutual help互相帮助、diplomacy外交
3.城市化urbanization=city expansion
1)cities=urban areas=the downtown=metropolis
the countryside=villages=rural regions=agricultural areas
农村涌进城市动词:flood into=move to=migrate to,名词:the influx of..=the migration of..
2)城市化的原因(经济、教育、医疗、生活品质、交通、娱乐购物)
城市化后果(对农村:labour force / agricultural development;对城市:congestion拥挤,competition竞争,living cost,poor management,resource shortage)
3)帮助农村的方法:1经济上援助如给钱、投资、补贴subsidy ,开发行业、创造就业机会;2其他援助如人才派遣、提供资源设备技术、提升教育、改善环境、医疗健康、基础设施
国际援助的方法:1经济上;2非经济:人才资源设备技术教育,维稳,物资
4)城市规划(分distinct areas?大商场建在suburbs?工厂公司搬到农村去?建筑应该都统一外观吗?艺术装置有必要吗?)
主要考虑的因素:时间便利性,高效,经济上省钱与否,交通,环境,美感
5)贫富差距
rich=wealthy=affluent=well-off,high income,developed=prosperous=thriving
poor=destitute=impoverished,low-income,undeveloped=underdeveloped
the difference=the distinction+between..and..
expand / widen的原因:教育,医疗,天赋,思想观念,资源如钱技术设备
the approach to +n. 方法:提高教育,普及医疗,保障健康,努力,share / have access to接触到一些资源
4.犯罪问题
crimes=criminal acts=delinquency =transgression=antisocial behaviors=illegal activities(比如murder,robbery,burglary,theft,raping,drug abuse)
criminals = offenders=lawbreakers=wrongdoers
victims and their relatives,police / attorneys / judges,witness,innocent family members of the criminals,law- abiding citizens,audience,the minors and teenagers
potential / would-be criminals,prisoners ,villains,criminal packs犯罪团伙
犯罪的原因:1内因是human nature such as greed,性格问题如being impulsive / curious / credulous,心理问题psychological diseases such as hysteria躁郁症 ;2外因是poverty / unemployment,教育上的失败,violence and pornography on the media like detailed description of the criminal process / bloody scenes,loopholes in the legal and penal system法律漏洞如惩罚太轻无法产生deterrent effect威慑
犯罪的惩罚punishment=penalty(可以fine、unpaid community services社区劳动、education / attend classes,也可以confine关起来=deprive sb(宾格)of freedom=deprive sb(宾格)of some rights=imprison=put into jail=send to prison
最终目的:reduce crimes(不再犯,震慑别人curb / deter),ensure social safety / order / sense of security,reduce the government‘s expenditure on social management
5.老龄化
老人the aged=aged / old / older / elderly / senior / gray- haired people
老人比例增加:原因(medical technology促使prolong our life expectancy,社会稳定 / 没有战乱,经济发展 / 生活品质好)、后果(the deficiency of labour force,become conservative / lack innovation / lack vitality保守,financial burden to the government and taxpayers,从现在来说会消耗资源,从长远来说birth rate会下降)、应对方法(老人再就业或推迟退休,发展保险或养老行业,老人不断学习via the advanced technology,政府鼓励生孩子)
职场上:老人vs年轻人,退休年龄(老人的优势experience,be skillful,social network,容易获得别人的trust,沉稳有远见;年轻人的优势身强力壮,活力创造力想象力,flexibility / resilience,相对高教育,有野心敢冒险)
养老金pension:政府vs自己
住哪里:家里vs nursing homes(family bond,conflicts,generation gap,freedom,limits,help,peers,money)
6.环境问题
the environmental problems=the environmental degradation=the deteriorating environment
pollution=contamination(动词是pollute=contaminate=blemish;具体物品有air、water、noise、light;原因是vehicles / transportation,industrial production,the disposal of rubbish被丢河里、烧、埋;后果:人们健康、破坏precious resources、增加经济负担因为要花钱处理)
the overuse / depletion of natural resources(尤其是non- renewable energy resources,fossil fuels such as oil and coal,fresh water,raw material like minerals / metals;原因:人口多消费高不回收所以人们需求增加从而导致生产增加;后果:shortage,conflicts,wars,量减少后价格上涨增加经济负担;renewable energy resources like solar energy,wind energy,hydropower and tidal energy;nuclear energy虽然技术要求高且有radioactive waste但是它高效且原料uranium量大)
global warming=greenhouse effects(原因:greenhouse gas such as carbon dioxide and methane主要来自于交通工业人口增加畜牧业森林减少deforestation;后果:climate change会影响我们的生活 / 户外活动 / 降雨 / 农业,melting of ice导致动物失去habitats,rising sea level导致淹没沿海地区和岛屿,the release of ancient virus)
biodiversity,the protection of the wildlife like animals and plants=fauna and flora(重要性:ecological balance从而避免一些natural disasters,生物为人类提供food / clothes / medicine的材料,生物研究可以促进医药行业的技术进步bionics仿生学;how:个人的意识,政府的决策与禁止,科技进步like genetic engineering)
other problems such as desertification,acid rain and landslides
所以怎么办?
对个人意识和生活方式的改变:3R lifestyle(reduce,reuse and recycle)
政府的行动:policies,punishment,scientific research,afforestation,the classification of rubbish
7.文化艺术的话题
culture,cultural identity,cultural diversity,cultural tradition,tradition=convention,traditional value,traditional virtues custom,long- established behaviors or activities,festivals,carnivals,ceremonies,habits,lifestyles
literature,art,language,food,buildings / architecture,clothes / costumes
保护:disseminate / spread宣传,carry forward=inherit继承,learn from each other,adapt to the current society,be modified / be improved,absorb the essence and reject the dross,be preserved
破坏:invade,assimilate,ignore / neglect,pay little attention to,less frequently
art,artistic work,artworks(包括poems、 verse、poetry、novels、fictions、music、opera、dance、painting、drawing、calligraphy、sculpture)保护和传承文化,meet our spiritual needs,relax,释放pressure from work or study,比如attend concerts、visit galleries、see exhibitions / performances,develop creativity / innovation / imagination / aesthetic appreciation / good taste,相关行业relevant industries like tourism industry、auction拍卖、collection收藏、performances、museums、galleries等这些对个人来说多才多艺则就业机会多、对社会来说经济发展可以有更多税收
 
 
流程图可以分成四段
1.介绍图形的内容(该写题目句子)
2.概括总共有几个步骤 / 总共有几种材料 / 总共有几种机器等
3.描述图中的过程(描述图一 / 图中前几步骤)
4.也是描述图中的过程(描述图二 / 图中的后几个步骤)
注意:表示时间先后的衔接过渡词要有
注意:图中给的名词一般要小写,名次前后要加冠词(a / an / the,第二次出现才用the)、量词(two / many)、代词(some / this),也可以加一点adj.(large、small、rectangular、long、short..)
注意:名词后面加which.. / when..=in which.. / through which..
注意:全程使用一般现在时:do,does,is,are;不用过去时,少用should / will / can等
注意:动词要自己添加,有时名词也要自己加
主要句式:某个机器做某事.
The workers做某事.
第几步is to 做某事.
某个东西被怎么样.
某个东西变成 / 进入 / 离开 / 落下等等.
常用动词:send=transmit,place=put,package打包,mix=blend,screen=filter过滤,add,cool,dry,heat…
next不要用在段首,further不要用在流程图了
 
 
地图题
最常见的是2个或3个时间的地图,现在与未来,过去与现在,过去与未来,过去与过去
1.介绍图形内容 / 改题目
2.概括总共有几个明显的变化与不同之处
3.描述原本的样子(图一):数据与方位,关系(面积大小、连接与否)
4.描述之后发生的变化(拆除 / 消失 / 新建 / 增加 / 减少 / 扩大 / 变小 / 被移动 / 变成 / 被取代)
如果只有一张图,可以介绍图形+概括总共有几个区域或几个建筑+描述途中具体数据和方位关系
如果是两个地点,可以介绍图形+概括总共有几个差异之处或相同之处+描述图一的样子+描述图二和图一的对比
 
其他类型的task1
1.纯动态图:多个时间的曲线 / 柱状 / 饼图 / 表格(有对比以及项目之间的高低差,或者有变化趋势)
2.2个时间的动态图:饼图、表格、柱状(建议先介绍,再概括,再用静态图方式写时间一排名对比,再写时间一到时间二的变化)
3.纯静态图;表格、柱状、饼图(只有对比,要从横纵两方面来比,如排第几、最怎么样、更怎么样、超过、几倍、相等)
4.总结:随机组合图形(动+动,静+静,动+静,静+动,三个图)              

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